One of the major arguments discussed in social and cultural semiotics is the question of norms and semiotic codes. In fact, the individual defines him/herself - in society to which he belongs - through the semiotic codes he produces. What the individual generates as his semiotic codes (behavioral, linguistic or clothing) not only tends to define him positively, but it also defines him negatively, for it shows how he fails to belong to other social groups.What is principally discussed in this article is to distinguish two types of norms: objective norm and evaluative norm. Afterwards, it aims to point to two forces - centrifugal and centripetal- that result in separation or fusion of the semiotic codes. Considering these two objective and evaluative norms, two social phenomena including security semiotics and insecurity semiotics will be explained.Eventually, this writing elaborates on the phenomena of silence, hypercorrection, compensation and semiotic confusion, that are raised as reactions to the phenomenon of insecurity semiotics. Clearly to make theses idioms more comprehensible, different examples will be presented from various fields, specifically literary field.

This paper presents a method for literature critics known as semiotics. First we introduce the difference between semantics and semiotics and then we present the smallest narrative elements. In the same direction we define the basic and useful narrative programs. Then in a general point of view we present the narrative canonic schema.

The present writing has as its aim to examine semiotics from the Purse' viewpoint.Purse' semiotics is a multifaceted theory applicable in the fields of epistemology.Philosophy of mind, philosophy of language and metaphysics. For Purse, idea is itself a sign that becomes meaningful through interpretation by another idea or conception. Purse believes that each sign has a triple relation including the sign itself, its object and the interpretant. On this basis, Purse suggests three divisions of the sign which indicate his triple ontological system. He called the three categories firstness, secondness, and thirdness.

A B S T R A C TThe right to the city in urban development goes beyond the physical form and, at the same time, has a mental and social meaning, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. Based on descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze the components of right to the city in Bandar Abbas. Therefore, after collecting 77 subjective and objective measures around the research components, the multi-criteria decision-making technique of COPRAS has been exploited to integrate the data in the ArcMap Tools. The findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, the right to ownership, the right to participation and the right to difference for the residents have been weakened and ignored. A share of up to 20.7% of the city space, which is mainly directed to the wealthy neighborhoods and parts of the central areas of the city, as well as parts of new developments, the right to the city has been more manifested, and in about 19.8% of the city spaces. Mainly applicable to informal settlements and slums of the city, this right has been undermined and ignoredExtended AbstractIntroductionThe right to the city as a physical, mental and social concept seeks a fundamental change in dealing with urban planning and development issues, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. In other words, this theory is a call for the priority of the consumption value of the city against its exchange value, which can only be pursued through the analysis of urban issues in the framework of the "city space" metaphor in the right to the city. It is a fundamental change in the city to create opportunities and space for citizens to meet and achieve their needs. MethodologyFrom a descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze the explanatory components of urban development in Bandar Abbas from the perspective of the right to the city. In this research, by collecting 77 subjective and objective measures, the COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making technique has been used to integrate data in the ArcMap environment. Citizens are the source of mental data, official documents and maps are the objective data, and experts are the relative weight of the criteria. It should be mentioned that to guarantee the validity of the content based on the guidance of supervisors and advisors, the collective opinion of university experts and the use of similar studies were exerted. The reliability of the questionnaire was also tested by Cronbach's alpha method, and the value of the alpha coefficient (0.866) indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire. Results and discussionThe findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, including the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference for the residents, has been weakened and ignored. A review of the findings shows that the social function of the city's real estate and land, with a coefficient of 0.136, followed by environmental justice, with a coefficient of 0.131, has the greatest impact on the urban development of Bandar Abbas. On the other hand, socio-spatial justice in the process of taking over space, with a coefficient of 0.106, shows the lowest level of influence in the development of Bandar Abbas compared to other components of the right to the city. The results show that about 20% of the area of Bandar Abbas city is in a very unfavorable situation compared to the components of urban development based on the right to the city approach. These areas of the city are spaces where the residents' right to the city has been severely denied, and they are deprived of taking over the city space.In this regard, the results show that 20.7% of the city's space, mainly focused on wealthy neighborhoods, parts of the city's central areas, and parts of Mehr's housing, has the right to a greater manifestation of the city. The city's space is more in line with its residents. As shown in the spatial distribution of the urban development components of Bandar Abbas based on the right to the city approach, the possession of space through the right to presence, the accessibility of residents to the opportunities and resources of the city, as well as the fair distribution of facilities and services play a decisive role in urban development. However, as the results show, it is the difference that gives meaning to the urban space, and therefore the space must provide the conditions for the city to play a role in meeting the needs of all city groups. The requirement of this role is the central position of the residents in making decisions about the city space, which is a unique way to realize the right to the city. ConclusionAs Brenner states, the right to the city is a call to create "cities for people, not for profit." In this definition, urban development is more than a physical thing and has a mental and social dimension at the same time. In terms of the right to the city, the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference form the trinity of urban development and the guiding light of these three principles that determine the quality of a different city. Unfortunately, urban development in Bandar Abbas has weakened and denied residents' rights. The zoning resulting from the spatial analysis shows that about 19.8% of the city's spaces, which mainly correspond to informal settlements and poor neighborhoods, this right has been weakened and ignored. From the theoretical aspect of the right to the city, this event originates from the space as an economic and physical thing exchanged in the market, not a consumption thing formed by the citizens and in social interaction with the space. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is answering to the question whether FRBR have a semiotic structure? Can FRBR model Be evaluated on the basis of semiotics? Method: conceptual analysis. Concepts of models by two prominent theorist semiotics field, Saussure and Pierce has been studied and the comparative study of the concepts discussed in these models with FRBR's entities and relationships. Results: Study the principles and concepts of Saussure and Pierce in FRBR Revealed that work and expression entities can be considered as a sign. Based on the dyadic model of Saussure has two aspects, mental content as the signifier and meaning as the signified which together make. The work as a sign can influence other signs and produce a new meaning. FRBR's entities also have capabilities matching to Pierce's triad model. When person show their mental ideas, work entity is created. The work created in the face of different people creates different expression. Similarly, expression entity when presented in different formats is held as items. FRBR's entities have the same function as the signs.

Semiotics is the science of studying signs and signs systems (such as language, codes, etc), and a research tools to understand the underling facts in cultural signs, codes, signals and symbols. In the realm of political research, this science studies the referential essence of political propositions and the relation of these propositions to the trutht. In other words, focusing on the functions of signs, a political semiologist would discuss meaning production and the process of meaningfulness of the human being’s political living world through their system (signs). In this point of view, there is no doubt that political phenomenon alone would be meaningless, they are situated in a network of meanings and posses a cultural framework. Semiotics helps to study politics by studying this framework and cultural background.

The word sign as well as semiotics are considered as one of the important topics in social psychology, linguistics and literature today, which were used and discussed by Charles Sanders Pierce and Ferdinand Desoseur in late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Then it was Jacques Derrida, the French philosoper, who made some criticism towards its outlooks. The present article does not intend to review and criticize all these opinions, rather it tries to clarify that how semiotics can be employed in literary critique and stylization; and the main question of this article is how we can investigate and classify the literary works through semiotics, and how it is possible to find out the evaluation and application of signs in the literary texts.

ABSTRACTDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 variables (like as “income, cost and investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. The global increase in oil demand since the 1950s led to the creation of discovery of new oil wells and large industrial areas. With the construction of new oil or gas facilities in the port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to the countries of the Persian Gulf region and form a new geographical relationship between ports and coastal cities which had an impact on the spatial structure and relation of them. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. In the 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of the world's ports and created a huge transformation in the shipping industry, which had a significant impact on the development of ports. Although the ports of the Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to the economic growth and physical development of other ports in the world, but few researches have been done on the variables and factors affecting the development of the spatial structure of the important ports of the Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most important corridor in the field of economic and transportation throughout history. Some of the most important energy and commercial ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, Bandar-Abbas and Assaluyeh. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). The method used in this research is quantitative and the sampling method is based on purposive sampling. the variables affecting the spatial structure of port-city relations were identified in the form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge and information about the development process of the city-port of Dubai) participated to determine the effectiveness or influence of variables. Finally, the output of data analysis was done by the Micmac software. Results and discussionOutput of Micmac software shows the position of the variables in the diagram that it indicates their status in the system and their role in the dynamics and changes of the system. The method of distribution and dispersion of the variables in the spatial structure of port-city relations indicates the instability of the system. Therefore, based on the output of the system, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous and regulatory variables). According to the results, some variables such as “the changes in the strategic positions” and “geopolitics of port-city”, “the modification of the management method” and “regional planning of the ports”, “the promotion of local governance in the relations between port-city” and “the way of national and international management of ports have been introduced as driver variables. On the other hand, five variables consist of “advanced multimodal transportation in the port” and “income, cost and investment in the port-city”, “the contrast and physical integration of the port - city space”, “the development of various industrial and production activities in the ports and their local hinterland” and “their qualities Financial and commercial policies of ports” have been introduced as linkage variables. Findings of research also shows that some variables consist of “quality of living environment and desirable city”, “quantity and quality of transit corridors (rail, road and air) to hinterland”, “construction and launching the new port (sea port or dry port)”, “terminal facilities and infrastructure and warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between the city and the port” and “increase in population growth rate and migration to the port - city” categorized as dependent variables. Three variables including “cultural and historical background of ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean and renewable energies in the city-port” and “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port” categorized as autonomous variables. Finally, a variable with the title of “improvement in management and information technology and development in loading, unloading and storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory variables. The findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with other researches carried out in the field of city-port relation and clearly emphasize the direct impact of the "investment in port-city" in the development of them. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-port of Hamburg has become one of the largest ports in Northern Europe during the last few decades due to huge domestic and foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce and explain the key variables affecting the development of the spatial structure of the port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 variables have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In the following, 25 experts were selected with the purposive sampling method. Among the 21 variables extracted, 4 variables (like as “geopolitics of port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism. A part of these revenues has been directed towards investment in important transportation infrastructures such as airports and ports of this city. These strategies have a wide impact on improving the economic growth of the city and the development of the port in order to adapt with the global trade and advanced technologies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

This text is an attempt to show how semiotic study can be used to understand aspects of product design. I will bring up some of the most common concepts and ideas in semiotics and see how they can be understood in a design context. I will also use these theories to analyse some underlying values and concepts in design theory like the complex interplay between meaning and form.. I do not use semiotics to inform other designers of how they should do better products, but rather as a tool for criticising and reflecting about seemingly natural ways of designing. To apply semiotics on product design has provided me with a set of invaluable tools for analysing issues like identity, metaphors and visibility inartefacts. Semiotics became a popular approach to cultural studies in the late 1960s, partly as a result of the work of Roland Barthes. In his book Mythologies he analysed advertisement and media and showed how seemingly familiar things signify all kinds of ideas about the world. Product Semantics was a theory developed by Reinhardt Butter and Klaus Krippendorf in the eighties and was influenced by contemporary continental philosophy. The good design approach is strong in Sweden where Rune Mon. His book Design for product understanding attempts to develop a language of form for product designers mainly based on Pierce and the German linguist Karl Baler. Tools for designing and analysing products based on the concepts icon, index and symbol. Studying semiotics can assist us to become more aware of reality as a construction and of the roles played by ourselves constructing or designing it. The relation between content, form and technology in contemporary product design is highly complex. The aesthetical theories of modernism are still very much alive, not the least in the very tangible form of buildings, products and art that constitutes our material culture. This text wants to show how we can understand and analyse these phenomenas using methods from semiotics. By doing so we will be better equipped to design the products and information technology of the future. A lot of very useful semiotic has been done in the past decades; I just want to mention the works of Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Umberto Eco, Claude Levi-Strauss and many others. They are all operating on the same idea, that first and second functions (connotations and denotations) are both important for the worlds of products. Product semantics was developed and introduced by Krippendorff and Butter and is defined as the study of symbolic qualities of man-made shapes, in the cognitive and social context of their use. According to this definition, product semantics is concerned with the relationship between the user and the product on one hand, and the importance that objects assume in an operational and social context on the other hand. This text is an attempt to show how we can understand and analyse these phenomenas using methods from semiotics. By doing so we will be better equipped to design the products and information technology of the future.